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What Is The Typical Size Of A Gang

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Violent grouping of individuals

"Street gang", "Criminal offence gang", and "Gang culture" redirect here. For the Sesame Street book, encounter Street Gang. For similar term, run across criminal gang. For the Ice-T album, see Gang Culture (album).

A gang is a grouping or society of associates, friends or members of a family with a divers leadership and internal system that identifies with or claims control over territory in a community and engages, either individually or collectively, in illegal, and mayhap tearing, behavior.

Definition

The give-and-take "gang" derives from the past participle of Old English gan, pregnant "to go". It is cognate with Old Norse gangr,[1] pregnant "journey."[ii] It typically means a group of people, and may take neutral, positive or negative connotations depending on usage.[3] [iv] [5]

History

Apache gangsters fight law. Paris, 1904

In discussing the banditry in American history, Barrington Moore, Jr. suggests that gangsterism every bit a "course of self-help which victimizes others" may appear in societies which lack strong "forces of law and society"; he characterizes European feudalism as "mainly gangsterism that had become gild itself and acquired respectability through the notions of chivalry".[half dozen]

The 17th century saw London "terrorized by a serial of organized gangs",[7] some of them known as the Mims, Hectors, Bugles, and Dead Boys. These gangs often came into disharmonize with each other. Members dressed "with colored ribbons to distinguish the dissimilar factions."[8] During the Victorian era, criminals and gangs started to form organizations which would collectively become London'southward criminal underworld.[nine] Criminal societies in the underworld started to develop their own ranks and groups which were sometimes called families, and were frequently made upward of lower-classes and operated on selection-pocketry, prostitution, forgery and counterfeiting, commercial burglary and money laundering schemes.[9] [10] Unique also were the use of slangs and argots used by Victorian criminal societies to distinguish each other, like those propagated past street gangs similar the Peaky Blinders.[xi] [12]

In the Usa, the history of gangs began on the E Coast in 1783 following the American Revolution.[13] Gangs arose further in the United States past the heart of the nineteenth century and were a business concern for city leaders from the time they appeared.[fourteen] The emergence of the gangs was largely attributed to the vast rural population immigration to the urban areas. The first street-gang in the United States, the forty Thieves, began around the tardily 1820s in New York City. The gangs in Washington D.C. had command of what is now Federal Triangle, in a region then known as Murder Bay.[15] Organized crime in the U.s. first came to prominence in the Old West and historians such as Brian J. Robb and Erin H. Turner traced the first organized crime syndicates to the Coschise Cowboy Gang and the Wild Bunch.[16] [17] Prohibition would also crusade a new boom in the emergence of gangs; Chicago for instance had over 1,000 gangs in the 1920s.[18]

Outside of the United states of america and the UK, gangs exist in both urban and rural forms, like the French gangs of the Belle Époque similar the Apaches and the Bonnot Gang.[nineteen] Many criminal organizations like the Italian Cosa Nostra, Japanese Yakuza, Russian Bratva, and Chinese Triads, take existed for centuries.[xx]

Types

Gangs, syndicates, and other criminal groups, come in many forms, each with their own specialties and gang civilization.[21]

Mafia

One of the near infamous criminal gangs are Mafias, whose activities include racketeering and overseeing illicit agreements.[22] These include the Sicilian Cosa Nostra and the Italian-American Mafia. [23] The Neapolitan Camorra, the Calabrian 'Ndrangheta and the Apulian Sacra Corona Unita are similar Italian organized gangs. Outside of Italia, the Irish gaelic Mob, Japanese Yakuza, Chinese Triads, and Russian Bratva are also examples.[24] [25]

Narco

Narcos or drug cartels are slang terms used for criminal groups (mainly Latin Americans) who primarily deal with the illegal drug trade.[26] These include drug cartels similar the Medellin Dare and other Colombian cartels, Mexican cartels similar the Sinaloa Cartel and Los Zetas, and the Primeiro Comando da Capital in Brazil.[27] Other examples are Jamaican Yardies and the various opium barons in the Golden Triangle and Gilt Crescent. Many narcos are known for their utilise of paramilitaries and narcoterrorism like the Gulf Cartel and Shower Posse.[28]

Street gang

Street gangs are gangs formed by youths in urban areas, and are known primarily for street fighting and gang warfare.[29] The term "street gang" is unremarkably used interchangeably with "youth gang", referring to neighborhood or street-based youth groups that run across "gang" criteria.[30] Miller (1992) defines a street gang as "a self-formed association of peers, united by common interests, with identifiable leadership and internal system, who act collectively or every bit individuals to achieve specific purposes, including the conduct of illegal activity and control of a particular territory, facility, or enterprise."[31] Some of the well-known ones are the Black gangs similar the Bloods and the Crips, too the Vice Lords and the Gangster Disciples. Other racial gangs as well exist like the Trinitario, Sureños, Tiny Rascal Gang, Asian Boyz, Wa Ching, Zoe Pound, The Latin Kings, The Hammerskins, Nazi Lowriders and Blood & Accolade.

Biker gang

Biker gangs are motorcycle clubs who behave illegal activities like the Hells Angels, the Pagans, the Outlaws, and the Bandidos,[32] [33] known as the "Big Four".[34] The U.S. Department of Justice defines outlaw motorcycle gangs (OMG) equally "organizations whose members use their motorcycle clubs as conduits for criminal enterprises".[35] Some clubs are considered "outlaw" non necessarily because they engage in criminal activity, only considering they are not sanctioned by the American Motorcyclist Association (AMA) and exercise not adhere to the AMA's rules. Instead the clubs have their ain fix of bylaws reflecting the outlaw biker culture.[36] [37] [38] [39] [40] Biker gangs also exist outside of the U.s.a. such as the Rebels Motorbike Club in Australia.

Prison gang

Prison gangs are formed inside prisons and correctional facilities for mutual protection and entrancement like the Mexican Mafia and United Blood Nation.[41] [42] Prison gangs often have several "affiliates" or "chapters" in dissimilar land prison systems that branch out due to the motility or transfer of their members.[43] According to criminal justice professor John Hagedorn, many of the biggest gangs from Chicago originated from prisons. From the St. Charles Illinois Youth Heart originated the Conservative Vice Lords and Blackstone Rangers. Although the bulk of gang leaders from Chicago are at present incarcerated, about of those leaders go on to manage their gangs from inside prison.[43]

Punk gang

Punk gangs are a unique type of gang made upwardly of members who follow the punk rock ideology.[44] Different other gangs and criminal groups, punk gangs follow a range of political and philosophical beliefs that can range from alt-right to radical left. Differing ideologies are one of the causes of conflicts between rival punk gangs, compared to other street gangs and criminal groups who wage gang war solely for illegal turn a profit, vendetta, and territory.[45] Most of them tin be seen in political and social protests and demonstrations and are sometimes in fierce confrontation with law-enforcement. Examples of punk gangs are Fight For Freedom, Friends Stand up United, and Directly Edge gangs.[46] [47]

Vigilante gang

Gimmicky organized offense has also led to the cosmos of anti-gang groups, vigilante gangs, and autodefensas, who are groups who profess to be fighting against gang influence, but share characteristics and acts similarly to a gang.[48] [49] [50] These include groups similar the Los Pepes, Sombra Negra, Friends Stand up United, People Against Gangsterism and Drugs, and OG Imba.

Structure

Latin Male monarch gang fellow member showing his gang tattoo, a panthera leo with a crown, and signifying the 5 point star with his hands

Many types of gangs make upwardly the full general structure of an organized group.[51] Understanding the structure of gangs is a critical skill to defining the types of strategies that are most effective with dealing with them, from the at-risk youth to the gang leaders.[52] Not all individuals who display the outward signs of gang membership are really involved in criminal activities. An individual's age, physical structure, ability to fight, willingness to commit violence, and abort record are often principal factors in determining where an individual stands in the gang hierarchy; how coin derived from criminal activity and ability to provide for the gang as well impacts the individual's status within the gang. The construction of gangs varies depending primarily on size, which can range from five or x to thousands. Many of the larger gangs break up into smaller groups, cliques or sub-sets (these smaller groups can exist called "sets" in gang slang.)[53] The cliques typically bring more territory to a gang as they expand and recruit new members. Most gangs operate informally with leadership falling to whomever takes control; others have singled-out leadership and are highly structured, which resembles more than or less a business concern or corporation.

Criminal gangs may function both inside and exterior of prison house, such as the Nuestra Familia, Mexican Mafia, Folk Nation, and the Brazilian[27] PCC. During the 1970s, prison gangs in Greatcoat Boondocks, S Africa began recruiting street gang members from outside and helped increase associations between prison house and street gangs.[54] In the Us, the prison gang the Aryan Brotherhood is involved in organized crime outside of prison.

Membership

Different gangs and criminal syndicates accept diverse roles and members.[55] Most are typically divided into:[56] [57] [58]

  • Boss: known in some groups as leader, elder, don, oyabun, or original gangster, is the 1 who has control over the move, plans, and actions of a gang.[58] [59] [60] Gang leaders are the upper echelons of the gang's command. Oftentimes, they altitude themselves from the gang activities and make attempts to appear legitimate, maybe operating a business that they run as a front for the gang'south drug dealing or other illegal operations.[61]
  • Underboss: the 2nd in command of the gang.[sixty]
  • Helm: is the 1 who result the command from the boss/underboss to the gangsters. Captain is responsible for the activities in the field and of the recruitment of new members.[58] [60]
  • Gangsters: also known as soldiers, soldatos, or kobun, are the typical gang members who commit the activities of the gang.[56]
  • Assembly: known also as gang affiliates or hang-arounds, are people who are not full members of the gang, merely either support and participate in the activities of a gang, or take livelihoods tied to gang activities.[56] [62] Included hither are specialized roles like enforcers (hitmen who work for criminal organizations),[63] falcons ("eyes and ears" of the streets),[64] and mules (smugglers who transports drugs, money, and other contraband materials).[65]

The numerous push factors experienced past at-risk individuals vary situationally, just follow a common theme of the desire for power, respect, money, and protection. In neighborhoods with high levels of violence, adolescents typically experience pressure to join a street gang for protection from other violent actors (sometimes including law violence and the waging of the war on drugs), perpetuating a cycle of violence.[66] These desires are very influential in alluring individuals to join gangs, and their influence is particularly strong on at-risk youth. Such individuals are often experiencing low levels of these various factors in their own lives, feeling ostracized from their community and lacking social support. Joining a gang may appear to them to exist the only manner to obtain status and material success or escape a wheel of poverty through profits from illegal action. They may feel that "if you lot can't beat 'em, bring together 'em". Upon joining a gang, they instantly gain a feeling of belonging and identity; they are surrounded with individuals whom they can chronicle to. They have by and large grown upwardly in the same surface area as one another and can bond over similar needs. In some areas, joining a gang is an integrated part of the growing-up procedure.[67]

Gang membership is generally maintained by gangs as a lifetime commitment, reinforced through identification such as tattoos, and ensured through intimidation and coercion. Gang defectors are often subject to retaliation from the deserted gang. Many gangs, including strange and transnational gangs, agree that the only mode to get out the gang is through death. This is sometimes informally chosen the "morgue rule".[68]

Gang membership represents the phenomenon of a chronic grouping criminal spin; appropriately, the criminality of members is greater when they belong to the gang than when they are non in the gang—either before or later being in the gang. In addition, when together, the gang criminality as a whole is greater than that of its members when they are solitary.[69] The gang operates as a whole greater than its parts and influences the behavior of its members in the direction of greater extend and stronger degree of misdeed.

Some states take a formal process to establish that a person is a member of a gang, called validation. Once a person is validated as a gang member, the person is subject to increased sentences, harsher punishments (such as lonely confinement) and more than restrictive parole rules. To validate a person as a gang member, the officials generally must provide evidence of several factors, such equally tattoos, photographs, admissions, clothing, etc. The legal requirements for validating a person are much lower than the requirements for convicting of a offense.[seventy] [71] [72] [73]

Non-fellow member women in gang culture

Women associated with gangs but who lack membership are typically categorized based on their relation to gang members. A survey of Mexican American gang members and associates defined these categories as girlfriends, hoodrats, adept girls, and relatives.[74] Girlfriends are long-term partners of male gang members, and may have children with them. "Hoodrats" are seen every bit being promiscuous and heavy drug and alcohol users. Gang members may engage in casual sex with these girls, merely they are not viewed as potential long-term partners and are severely stigmatized past both men and women in gang culture. "Good girls" are long-term friends of members, ofttimes from babyhood, and relatives are typically sisters or cousins. These are fluid categories, and women oft change status as they move between them. Valdez found that women with ties to gang members are often used to agree illegal weapons and drugs, typically, because members believe the girls are less likely to be searched by constabulary for such items.[74]

Initiation

Different gangs from around the globe accept their mode of recruiting and introducing new members. Most criminal gangs crave an interested candidate to commit a criminal offense to be inducted into a gang.[75] [76] [77] Many street gangs, like the Bloods and MS-xiii, take a ritual where they would beat up (also known equally "beat-in" or "jump-in") aspiring applicants for several seconds to show their toughness, willingness, and loyalty.[75] [78] Some of these gangs allow women to become members either through being jumped-in or having sex with male members (known as "sexed-in").[79]

Biker gangs like the Hells Angels crave a candidate, known every bit a "hang-around", to exist observed and mentored by veteran gang members (which can last a year or more than) in order to assess their personalities and commitment.[80] The Cosa Nostra requires people wanting to exist full members or get made men to accept part in a ceremony involving oaths, agreement, and bloodletting to evidence their loyalty.[81] The Sigue-Sigue Sputnik from the Philippines require gang members to tatoo (or "tatak") the name of the gang or their leader into their trunk.[82] Triads accept a more unique way of initiating associates into full members. Triad ceremonies take place at an altar dedicated to Guan Yu (關羽, GuānYǔ), with incense and an animate being sacrifice (usually a chicken, pig or goat). After drinking a mixture of wine and blood (from the animal or the candidate), the member passes below an arch of swords while reciting the triad's oaths. The newspaper on which the oaths are written volition be burnt on the altar to confirm the member'due south obligation to perform his duties to the gods. Three fingers of the left hand are raised equally a binding gesture.[83] The triad initiate is required to adhere to 36 oaths.[84]

Grooming

Grooming and expertise in various forms of illicit activities, including combat, exist variously throughout dissimilar gangs. Specific members of American mafia groups, similar police infiltrators, double agents, and sometimes too enforcers and hitmen, have had backgrounds in constabulary enforcement or the military.[85] Sicilian mafia and Calabrian Mafia in Southern Italy became notorious for creating "schools" in the countryside to train children every bit young as xi in weapons and illegal activities.[86] Giovanni Tinebra, the chief public prosecutor of Caltanissetta, once stated, "Instead of going to school, many boys go into the countryside where there are people who teach them to shoot and turn them into killing machines."[86]

Some drug cartels in Colombia and Mexico accept established themselves as paramilitaries. The earliest and most famous instance was the time when the Medellin Cartel hired Israeli soldier Yair Klein to train militiamen and assassins.[87] [88] Los Zetas became infamous for being founded by United states of america-trained Mexican commandos.[89] Together with Kaibiles from Guatemala, they set up camps to train future sicarios and soldatos.[xc] Other Mexican cartels who trained their members include the Jalisco Cartel, who would train their members for three months in ambushes, codes of silence and discipline, within camps.[91]

In the case of street gangs, most practice not train their members in shooting and combat.[92] Although a few would train their youths how to shoot using empty cans and bottles every bit targets (with some cases using clandestine shooting ranges[93]), well-nigh gangsters have no formal instructions in firearms usage and safety.[92] The late 90s and early 2000s saw many gang members in the U.s. being sent by judges to the military machine to "gear up them on the correct path", which just led to these street gangs gaining war machine grooming and experience.[85] Many street gangs, most notably Africa-American gangs similar the Folk Nation and Bloods, continue to have a presence in the Usa Armed services.[94] [95]

Typical activities

The United Nations estimates that gangs make nigh of their money through the drugs merchandise, which is thought to be worth $352 billion in full.[96] The The states Section of Justice estimates there are approximately thirty,000 gangs, with 760,000 members, impacting 2,500 communities across the United States.[97]

Gangs are involved in all areas of street-crime activities like extortion, drug trafficking,[98] both in and outside the prison system, and theft. Gangs also victimize individuals by robbery and kidnapping.[99] Cocaine is the master drug of distribution past gangs in America, which take used the cities Chicago, Cape Town, and Rio de Janeiro to transport drugs internationally.[100] Brazilian urbanization has driven the drug trade to the favelas of Rio. Often, gangs hire "lookouts" to warn members of upcoming police force enforcement. The dense environments of favelas in Rio and public housing projects in Chicago have helped gang members hide from police hands.[101]

Street gangs take over territory or "turf" in a particular city and are often involved in "providing protection", often a thin embrace for extortion, as the "protection" is ordinarily from the gang itself, or in other criminal activeness. Many gangs use fronts to demonstrate influence and gain revenue in a particular surface area.[102]

Gang violence

Gang violence refers mostly to the illegal and non-political acts of violence perpetrated past gangs against civilians, other gangs, police force enforcement officers, firefighters, or military personnel.[103] [104] A gang state of war is a type of small war that occurs when ii gangs end upwardly in a feud over territory or vendetta.[105] Gang warfare more often than not consists of sanctioned and unsanctioned hits, street fighting, and gun violence.[106]

Modern gangs introduced new acts of violence, which may also role equally a rite of passage for new gang members.[107] In 2006, 58 percent of L.A.'southward murders were gang-related.[108] Reports of gang-related homicides are concentrated generally in the largest cities in the United States, where in that location are long-standing and persistent gang problems and a greater number of documented gang members—most of whom are identified by law enforcement.[109] Gang-related activity and violence has increased along the U.S. Southwest border region, as Us-based gangs act as enforcers for Mexican drug cartels.[110]

Gang violence in schools

Despite gangs unremarkably formed in the community, not specifically in schools, gang violence tin can potentially affect schools in dissimilar ways including:[111]

  • Gangs tin can recruit members in schools;
  • Gang members from the aforementioned school can engage in violence on the schoolhouse premises or effectually their schoolhouse;[111]
  • Gang members from the same school can commit violence against other students in the aforementioned school who belong to a unlike gang or who do not belong to a gang;
  • Gangs may commit violence against other schools and students in the community where they are agile, even if these students do non belong to a gang.[111]

Global data on the prevalence of these different forms of gang violence in and around schools is express. However, available bear witness suggests that gang violence is more than common in schools where students are exposed to other forms of community violence and where they fear violence at school.[112]

Children who grow up in neighbourhoods with high levels of crime has been identified as a take chances gene for youth violence, including gang violence.[113] [114] According to studies, children who knew many adult criminals were more likely to engage in violent behaviour by the age of 18 years than those who did non.[114]

Gang violence is often associated with carrying weapons, including in school.[112] A report of 10–19-year-olds in the UK found that 44% of those who reported belonging to a delinquent youth group had committed violence and xiii% had carried a pocketknife in the previous 12 months versus 17% and 4% respectively amongst those who were not in such a group.[115]

Co-ordinate to a meta-analysis of 14 countries in Due north America, Europe, the Heart Due east, Central and South America, sub-Saharan Africa and the Pacific also showed that carrying a weapon at school is associated with bullying victimization.[116]

Comparison of Global Schoolhouse-based Student Wellness Survey (GSHS) data on school violence and bullying for countries that are especially affected past gang violence suggests that the links may be limited. In Republic of el salvador and Republic of guatemala, for example, where gang violence is a serious problem, GSHS information show that the prevalence of bullying, physical fights and concrete attacks reported by school students is relatively depression, and is similar to prevalence in other countries in Key America where gang violence is less prevalent.[111]

Sexual violence

Women in gang civilisation are often in environments where sexual assault is common and considered to be a norm.[74] Women who attend social gatherings and parties with heavy drug and alcohol utilize are particularly likely to be assaulted. A girl who becomes intoxicated and flirts with men is ofttimes seen every bit "asking for it" and is written off as a "hoe" by men and women.[74] "Hoodrats" and girls associated with rival gangs have lower condition at these social events, and are victimized when members view them as off-white game and other women rationalize assault against them.

Motives

Near modern research on gangs has focused on the thesis of grade struggle following the work of Walter B. Miller and Irving Spergel. In this torso of work The Gaylords are cited as the prime case of an American gang that is neither Black nor Hispanic. Some researchers have focused on ethnic factors. Frederic Thrasher, who was a pioneer of gang research, identified "demoralization" as a standard characteristic of gangs. John Hagedorn has argued that this is one of three concepts that shed calorie-free on patterns of arrangement in oppressed racial, religious and ethnic groups (the other two are Manuel Castells' theory of "resistance identity and Derrick Bong's work on the permanence of racism).[117] Ancestral tribalism and control of women is the main motivator.

Ordinarily, gangs have gained the virtually control in poorer, urban communities and developing countries in response to unemployment and other services.[118] Social disorganization, and the disintegration of societal institutions such every bit family, schoolhouse, and the public safety cyberspace, enable groups of peers to class gangs.[119] According to surveys conducted internationally past the World Banking concern for their World Development Report 2011, by far the almost common reason people suggest as a motive for joining gangs is unemployment.[120]

Ethnic solidarity is a common gene in gangs. Black and Hispanic gangs formed during the 1960s in the U.s. frequently adapted nationalist rhetoric.[121] Both bulk and minority races in lodge have established gangs in the name of identity: the Igbo gang Bakassi Boys in Nigeria defend the majority Igbo group violently and through terror, and in the U.s.a., whites who feel threatened by minorities have formed their own gangs, such every bit the Ku Klux Klan. Responding to an increasing black and Hispanic migration, a white gang formed called Chicago Gaylords.[122] Some gang members are motivated by religion, as is the instance with the Muslim Patrol and the Epstein-Wolmark gang.[123]

Identification

Most gang members accept identifying characteristics which are unique to their specific clique or gang.[124] The Bloods, for example, wear red bandanas, the Crips blue, allowing these gangs to "represent" their amalgamation. Any boldness of a gang member'southward colour past an unaffiliated individual is regarded as grounds for violent retaliation, often by multiple members of the offended gang. Tattoos are as well mutual identifiers,[125] such as an 'xviii' in a higher place the eyebrow to identify a member of the 18th Street gang. Tattoos assistance a gang fellow member gain respect within their group, and mark them as members for life. Tattoos tin likewise represent the level they are in the gang, being that certain tattoos tin can mean they are a more achieved member. The accomplishments can be related to doing an unsafe act that showed your loyalty to the gang. They can be burned on as well as inked. Some gangs make use of more one identifier, similar the Nortenos, who habiliment red bandanas and have "14", "XIV", "x4", and "Norte" tattoos.[126] Some members of criminal gangs are "jumped in" (by going through a process of initiation), or have to prove their loyalty and right to belong past committing certain acts, usually theft or violence.

Gangs frequently institute distinctive, characteristic identifiers including graffiti tags[127] colors, hand signals, vesture (for example, the gangsta rap-type hoodies), jewelry, hair styles, fingernails, slogans,[128] signs (such equally the noose and the burning cantankerous as the symbols of the Klan),[129] flags[130] underground greetings, slurs, or code words and other group-specific symbols associated with the gang's common beliefs, rituals, and mythologies to ascertain and differentiate themselves from other groups and gangs.[131]

Every bit an alternative language, mitt-signals, symbols, and slurs in speech, graffiti, print, music, or other mediums communicate specific informational cues used to threaten, disparage, taunt, harass, intimidate, alarm, influence,[132] or exact specific responses including obedience, submission, fear, or terror. Ane report focused on terrorism and symbols states that "[s]ymbolism is important considering it plays a part in impelling the terrorist to act and so in defining the targets of their actions."[133] Displaying a gang sign, such every bit the noose, as a symbolic human action can exist construed as "a threat to commit violence communicated with the intent to terrorize another, to cause evacuation of a edifice, or to crusade serious public inconvenience, in reckless disregard of the risk of causing such terror or inconvenience … an crime against property or involving danger to some other person that may include just is not limited to recklessly endangering some other person, harassment, stalking, ethnic intimidation, and criminal mischief."[134]

The Internet is one of the most significant media used by gangs to communicate in terms of the size of the audience they can reach with minimal endeavour and reduced hazard. Social media provides a forum for recruitment activities, typically provoking rival gangs through derogatory postings, and to glorify their gang and themselves.[135]

US Debate surrounding touch

Researchers and activists in the United States take debated the true impact of US gangs on crime in the Usa, with a 2019 episode of the Y'all're Incorrect About podcast claiming that the perceived increase in gang violence was in fact an overblown moral panic.[136] There have been repeated complaints of bias effectually the enforcement of gang-related laws asking why Frats and Gangs are treated differently "They're both blamed for predisposing their members to tearing acts, simply they've sparked radically different public-policy responses."[137]

Activists have also made the link between a perceived increase in gang activeness and the sharp rise in The states police force budgets[138] while pointing out rampant corruption in police gang units, such as the Rampart scandal in the Los Angeles Police force Force.

UK Debate surrounding impact

In the Great britain context, law enforcement agencies are increasingly focusing enforcement efforts on gangs and gang membership. However debate persists over the extent and nature of gang activity in the Uk,[139] [140] with some academics and policy-makers arguing that the current focus is inadvisable, given a lack of consensus over the relationship between gangs and law-breaking.[140]

The Runnymede Trust suggests that, despite the well-apposite public discourse around youth gangs and "gang culture", "We actually know very little virtually 'gangs' in the Great britain: about how 'a gang' might be defined or understood, about what being in 'a gang' ways ... We know still less most how 'the gang' links to levels of youth violence."[141]

Professor Simon Hallsworth argues that, where they exist, gangs in the Great britain are "far more fluid, volatile and amorphous than the myth of the organized grouping with a corporate structure".[140] This assertion is supported by a field study conducted past Manchester University, which constitute that "most within- and between-gang disputes ... emanated from interpersonal disputes regarding friends, family and romantic relationships", as opposed to territorial rivalries, and that criminal enterprises were "rarely gang-coordinated ... well-nigh involved gang members operating as individuals or in small groups."[140]

Cottrell-Boyce, writing in the Youth Justice periodical, argues that gangs have been synthetic as a "suitable enemy" by politicians and the media, obscuring the wider, structural roots of youth violence. At the level of enforcement, a focus on gang membership may be counterproductive; creating confusion and resulting in a drag-net approach which tin can criminalise innocent young people rather than focusing resources on serious violent crime.[140]

Gang membership in the United states of america military

Gang members in uniform utilise their military machine knowledge, skills and weapons to commit and facilitate various crimes. As of April 2011, the NGIC has identified members of at least 53 gangs whose members accept served in or are affiliated with The states military.[110]

In 2006, Scott Barfield, a Defence Department investigator, said in that location is an online network of gangs and extremists: "They're communicating with each other most weapons, near recruiting, about keeping their identities hole-and-corner, about organizing inside the war machine."[142]

A 2006 Dominicus-Times article reports that gangs encourage members to enter the war machine to learn urban warfare techniques to teach other gang members.[143] A Jan 2007 article in the Chicago Sun-Times reported that gang members in the military machine are involved in the theft and sale of armed forces weapons, ammunition, and equipment, including torso armor. The Sunday-Times began investigating the gang action in the military later receiving photos of gang graffiti showing up in Iraq.

The FBI's 2007 written report on gang membership in the military states that the military's recruit screening process is ineffective, allows gang members/extremists to enter the armed forces, and lists at least 8 instances in the last three years in which gang members accept obtained military weapons for their illegal enterprises.[144] "Gang Activity in the U.S. Military Increasing", dated January 12, 2007, states that street gangs including the Bloods, Crips, Blackness Disciples, Gangster Disciples, Hells Angels, Latin Kings, The 18th Street Gang, Mara Salvatrucha (MS-13), Mexican Mafia, Norteños, Sureños, and Vice Lords have been documented on military installations both domestic and international although recruiting gang members violates military machine regulations.[145]

Run across besides

  • Commonage narcissism
  • Criminal tattoo
  • Drug dare
  • Gang population
  • Gangs in Australia
  • Gangs in Canada
  • Gangs in New Zealand
  • Gangs in Southward Africa
  • Gangs in the Uk
  • Gangs in the The states
  • List of criminal enterprises, gangs, and syndicates
  • Listing of known gang members
  • Malcolm W. Klein
  • Organized crime
    • Organized crime in Italian republic
  • Outlaw motorcycle club
  • Raskol gangs
  • School violence
  • Triad (organized criminal offence)
  • Fierce extremism
  • Violent not-state actor
  • War on Gangs

Sources

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References

  1. ^ Douglas Harper. "gang". Online Etymology Dictionary.
  2. ^ Cleasby/Vigfusson An Icelandic-English Dictionary (1874); GÖNGUDRYKKJA -- GARÐR
  3. ^ "Gang". dictionary.com.
  4. ^ "Hi, gang! (used with friends)". wordreference.com.
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Bibliography

  • Hagedorn, John Chiliad. (2008), A World of Gangs: Armed Immature Men and Gangsta Civilization, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States: Academy of Minnesota Press, ISBN978-0-8166-5066-8
  • O'Deane, Matthew D. (2010), Gangs: Theory, Practice and Inquiry, San Clemente, California, United States: Lawtechcustompublishing.com, ISBN978-i-933778-19-8, archived from the original on 2016-03-05, retrieved 2011-05-07
  • Betimes. 2018. "Gangs from Different Sociological Perspectives and Theories." UKEssays.com. Retrieved October 30, 2019 ).
  • Collins, Angela M., Scott Menard and David Pyrooz. 2018. "Collective Behavior and the Generality of Integrated Theory: A National Study of Gang Fighting." Deviant Behavior 39(8):992-1005

External links

Media related to Gangs (organized crime) at Wikimedia Commons

What Is The Typical Size Of A Gang,

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